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Eklenme Tarihi: 27-08-08
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Dosya Açıklaması : The UN was founded in 1945 in San Francisco by 51 states. It was the successor to the League of Nations, that had failed to effectively counter aggression in the 1930 Japan simply quit when the League condemned Japanies aggression against China. Like the League , the UN founded to increase international order and the rule of law to prevent another world war. The international institutions set up at the end of World War II are increasingly being questioned. The World Bank and the International Monetary Fund were the subject of a critical congressional report in Washington last month. The World Trade Organization, successor to the postwar GATT, has yet to regain its balance after the Seattle protests. On Mondaya thoughtful report asked what the United Nations exists for. The report comes from none other than Kofi Annan, the UN secretary-general. Despite a career spent toiling within the UN bureaucracy, he has evinced a Gorbachev-like openness about its faults and a willingness to countenance restructuring. His new report includes an attack on the General Assemblys habit of passing countless mandates that never get phased out. And it accepts that the United Nations still has a way to go in modernizing its managerial procedures. No organization that averages 300 days to hire someone can possibly be efficient. The report acknowledges that the United Nations has not kept up with changes in the international order. Its founding charter presupposed that war between states would constitute the most serious security threat, but far more people have been killed recently in civil wars and ethnic cleansing. To bring the United Nations up to date, Mr. Annan wants it to focus on people, rather than on the member governments that have traditionally been its constituents. This would allow it to side with citizens against governments in Kosovo-type cases. Mr. Annan also proposes to harness new technology to the United Nations humanitarian purposes. He has plans to distribute medical information via the Internet to poor countries. He promises a UN Information Technology Service to train groups in the developing world in the uses and opportunities of information technology. And he has persuaded LM Ericsson, the Swedish wireless telecom group, to create a global network of wireless communications for use by relief workers in natural disasters and emergencies. The world needs institutions to manage globalization. The question is whether the United Nations is up to the job. Mr. Annans report leaves no doubt about his own appetite for the challenge. But he depends on the backing of member states, which have a poor record of giving the United Nations the resources it needs to tackle peacekeeping, refugee relief and scores of other pressing projects. The purposes and principles of the United Nations The UN is the closest thing to a world government that has ever existed, but it is not a world government. İts members are sovereign states that has not empowered the UN to enforce its will within states, territories except with the consent of those states government. Thus, although the UN strengthens world order, its desing acknowledges the relaties of international anarchy and the unwillingness of states to surrender their sovereignty. Within these limits , the basic purpose of the UN is to provide a global institutional structure through that states can sometimes settles conflicts with less reliance on the use of force. The UN Charter is based on the principles that states are equal under international law; that states have full-sovereignty over their own affairs; that states should have full-independence and territorial integrity; and that states should carry out their international obligations __ such as respecting diplomatic privileges, refraining from committing aggression, and observing the terms of treaties they sign. The Charter also lays out the structure of the UN and the methods by that it operates. Article 1 The Purposes of the United Nations are: 1. To maintain international peace and security, and to that end: to take effective collective measures for the prevention and removal of threats to the peace, and for the suppression of acts of aggression or other breaches of the peace, and to bring about by peaceful means, and in conformity with the principles of justice and international law, adjustment or settlement of international disputes or situations which might lead to a breach of the peace; 2. To develop friendly relations among nations based on respect for the principle of equal rights and self-determination of peoples, and to take other appropriate measures to strengthen universal peace; 3. To achieve international cooperation in solving international problems of an economic, social, cultural, or humanitarian character, and in promoting and encouraging respect for human rights and for fundamental freedoms for all without distinction as to race, sex, language, or religion; and 4. To be a center for harmonizing the actions of nations in the attainment of these common ends. Article 2 The Organization and its Members, in pursuit of the Purposes stated in Article 1, shall act in accordance with the following Principles. 1. The Organization is based on the principle of the sovereign equality of all its Members. 2. All Members, in order to ensure to all of them the rights and benefits resulting from membership, shall fulfill in good faith the obligations assumed by them in accordance with the present Charter ...